- The Periodic Table is divided into 3 different families :
- Semi-Metals (Metalloids): Elements that have characteristics of both Metals and Non-Metals.
- Examples: Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurian (Te), and Polonium (Po)
- Metals: All elements located to the LEFT of the Semi-Metals
- Except Hydrogen, THE ONLY EXCEPTION
- Examples: Iron (Fe) or Nickel (Ni)
- Non-Metals: All elements located to the RIGHT of the Semi-Metals
- Examples: Carbon (C) or Xenon (X)
- Semi-Metals (Metalloids): Elements that have characteristics of both Metals and Non-Metals.
- The Periodic Table is then divided into 10 Groups:
- Alkai Metals:
- Elements that are very reactive
- Only have 1 Valence Electron (_s1)
- Found in the First column (Except Hydrogen)
- Examples: Lithium (Li) or Francium (Fr)
- Alkaline Earth Metals:
- Elements that are reactive, but not as much as Alkai
- Have 2 Valence Electrons (_s2)
- Found in the Second Column
- Examples: Barium (Ba) or Magnesium (Mg)
- Transition Metals:
- Don't have a defined number of Valence Electrons
- Looses electrons to form Cations
- Found in the third - twelfth columns
- Examples: Nickel (Ni), Rhenium (Re), or Iron (Fe)
- Halogens:
- Very reactive Non-Metals
- Have 7 Valence Electrons (_s2, _p5)
- Found in the seventeenth column
- Examples: Iodine (I) or Fluorine (F)
- Noble Gases:
- Extremely Stable and UnReactive elements that DON'T form bonds
- Have Full Valence Electrons (_p6)
- Found in the eighteenth column
- Examples: Helium (He) or Neon (Ne)
- Boron Family:
- Has 3 Valence Electrons
- Found in the thirteenth column (_s2, _p1)
- Examples: Aluminum (Al) or Gallium (Ga)
- Carbon Family:
- Has 4 Valence Electrons
- Found in the fourteenth column (_s2, _p2)
- Examples: Carbon (C) or Lead (Pb)
- Nitrogen Family:
- Has 5 Valence Electrons (_s2, _p3)
- Found in the fifteenth column
- Examples: Nitrogen (N) or Antimony (Sb)
- Oxygen Family:
- Has 6 Valence Electrons (_s2, _p4)
- Found in the sixteenth column
- Examples: Oxygen (O) or Selenium (Se)
- Lanthanide Family:
- Found in the top row of the bottomest two rows
- Detached from the rest of the table
- Examples: Cerium (Ca) or Samarium (Sm)
- Actinide Family:
- Found in the bottom row of the bottomest two rows
- Detached from the rest of the table
- Examples: Thorium (Th) or Neptunium (Np)
- Alkai Metals:
- Nuclear Charge:
- Measurement of the positive attractive force of the nucleus to the negatively charged electrons due to the number of PROTONS in the NUCLEUS
- How much attraction the electron feels
- Can affect the number of shielding electrons
- Electron Shielding Effect:
- The electrons in the energy levels that are closest to the nucleus
- Protects the electrons in the OUTER most shell
- Lessens that effect of the positive attraction to the nucleus